David Walker, a free black man living in Boston, Massachusetts, published the fi rst edition of his Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World in 1829, and the third and last revised edition of the pamphlet in June 1830. In this Appeal Walker encouraged his fellow African Americans in the United States, slave and free, to see themselves as human beings and to do something to elevate themselves from their “wretched state.” In doing so, the arguments for slavery, racial slavery in particular, would be torn down, thus weakening the power of the slaveholders.