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Studies of European political movements in the mid-twentieth century often focus on the “isms”: totalitarianism, Nazism, Communism, Socialism, and Fascism. Of all of these political ideologies, Fascism is most essential to understanding World War II. Fascism, or fascismo, originated in Italy in the years following World War I. The “Doctrine of Fascism” (“La dottrina del fascismo”), authored by Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini, was published in 1932. This doctrine set forth the elements of Fascism—totalitarianism, imperialism, racial purification, and nationalism—that we recognize today. Likewise, it defined the nascent movement as the antithesis of western liberal democracy.
Contents
- Totalitarianism
- Communism in the Soviet Union
- Fascism in Western Europe
- Totalitarianism as Anti-modernity
- Vladimir Lenin: What Is to Be Done? Date: 1902
- Rudolf Steiner: Theosophy Date: 1904
- John Reed: “Soviets in Action” Date: 1918
- Clara Zetkin: “Organising Working Women” Date: 1922
- Adolf Hitler: Mein Kampf Date: 1926
- José Ortega y Gasset: The Revolt of the Masses Date: 1930
- Sigmund Freud: Civilization and Its Discontents Date: 1930
- Benito Mussolini: “The Doctrine of Fascism” Date: 1932
- Joseph Stalin: “Results of the First Five-year Plan” Date: 1933
- Rudolf Hess: Oath to Adolf Hitler Date: 1934
- Leon Trotsky: “I Stake My Life!” Date: 1937
- Munich Pact Date: 1938
- Reinhard Heydrich: Memorandum concerning Kristallnacht Date: 1938
- Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Date: 1939
- Neville Chamberlain: Speech on Germany’s Invasion of Poland Date: 1939
- Liu Shaoqi: How to Be a Good Communist Date: 1939
- Vyacheslav Molotov: Address on Germany’s Invasion of Russia Date: 1941
- Cardinal Clemens von Galen: “Against Nazi Euthanasia” Date: 1941
- John W. Pehle and John J. McCloy: Debate about the Bombing of Auschwitz Date: 1944
- Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany Date: 1945
- Robert H. Jackson: Opening Statement before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, Germany Date: 1945
- Mao Zedong: “On the People’s Democratic Dictatorship” Date: 1949
- Mao Zedong: “On the Co-Operative Transformation of Agriculture” Date: 1955