Argued October 20–21, 1919, and decided on November 10, 1919, the case of Abrams v. United States (titled in full Jacob Abrams et al. v. the United States) upheld a restriction on First Amendment freedoms if they were deemed to have attempted to impede the workings of the U.S. government and economy during the course of war. It was deemed that the actions of the defendants met the criteria of constituting a “clear and present danger” enunciated only eight months earlier, on March 3, 1919, by Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. in Schenck v. United States.