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In this gruesome British cartoon, published circa March 1783, American Loyalists to Great Britain are shown being murdered by figures in Native American costumes. The feathered headdresses and grass kilts of the latter figures echo traditional allegorical representations of America, indicating that they did not symbolize actual Native Americans. Instead, they served as visual metaphors for the American colonists who had defeated Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. This cartoon is reflective of the mood of American Loyalists at the end of the Revolution. Loyalists were a significant part of the American population, representing perhaps one-third of the colonists during the conflict. Maligned as Tories, or extreme conservatives, they were opposed by the Patriots, Americans who supported the revolution. After their victory in the Revolutionary War became inevitable in 1781, Patriots subjected Loyalists to a variety of formal and informal sanctions. Loyalists frequently saw their property confiscated, their lands seized, and their civil rights suspended. They could be imprisoned or even attacked for their political leanings.
Contents
- Chapter 1: British America in 1763
- Benjamin Franklin: “Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind”
- Benjamin Franklin: Albany Plan of Union
- Benjamin Franklin: Join, or Die
- Jonathan Mayhew: Two Discourses
- James Glen: “The Situation, Strength, and Connections of the Several Nations of Neighboring Indians”
- Minavavana: Address to Alexander Henry
- Pontiac: “Master of Life” Speech
- Proclamation of 1763
- Paxton Boys: A Declaration and Remonstrance of the Distressed and Bleeding Frontier Inhabitants of the Province of Pennsylvania
- Benjamin West: The Death of General Wolfe
- Chapter 2: The Imperial Crisis
- Thomas Pownall: The Administration of the Colonies
- Oxenbridge Thacher: The Sentiments of a British American
- James Otis: The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
- Daniel Dulany: Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes in the British Colonies, for the Purpose of Raising a Revenue, by Act of Parliament
- Patrick Henry: Virginia Resolves on the Stamp Act
- Francis Bernard: Letter to the Board of Trade
- Thomas Moffat: Letter to Joseph Harrison on the Newport Riot
- Declaration of Rights of the Stamp Act Congress
- William Bradford: “Expiring: In Hopes of a Resurrection to Life Again”
- Nathaniel Ryder: The Great Debate in the Committee of the Whole House of Commons on the Stamp Act, 1766
- Letter from London Merchants Urging Repeal of the Stamp Act
- House of Commons Examination of Benjamin Franklin about the Stamp Act
- Chapter 3: The Crisis Deepens
- The Declaratory Act
- George Mason: Letter to the Committee of Merchants in London
- “Address to the Ladies”
- “Save Your Money, and Save Your Country!”
- John Dickinson: Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
- Report on the Boston Massacre
- Paul Revere: The Bloody Massacre perpetrated in King-Street Boston on March 5th 1770, by a party of the 29th Reg.
- Joseph Warren: “Boston Massacre: An Oration”
- Benjamin Franklin: “Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One”
- “Tea, Destroyed by Indians”
- Edenton Tea Party
- George Hewes: Recollection of the Boston Massacre
- Chapter 4: Rebellion
- Intolerable Acts
- Quebec Act
- Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress
- First Continental Congress: Letter to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec
- Patrick Henry: “Liberty or Death” Speech
- Francis Smith: Letter to Governor Thomas Gage
- Anna Young Smith: “An Elegy to the Memory of the American Volunteers”
- Thomas Gage: Offer of Amnesty
- Olive Branch Petition
- Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms
- Proclamation by the King for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition
- The Second Continental Congress Responds to King George III’s Proclamation of Rebellion
- Thomas Paine: Common Sense
- Charles Inglis: The Deceiver Unmasked
- Declaration of Independence
- Chapter 5: The Limits of Independence
- Felix: Petition to the Governor of Massachusetts
- Peter Bestes, et al.: Letter to Their Representatives
- Phillis Wheatley: Letter to Samson Occom
- Lord Dunmore: Proclamation
- Original Draft of the Declaration of Independence
- Thomas Hutchinson: Strictures on the Declaration of the Congress at Philadelphia
- Petition of Prince Hall and Others to the Massachusetts General Court
- Nero Brewster: Petition to the New Hampshire General Assembly
- Pennsylvania: An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery
- Cato: Letter and Petition to the Pennsylvania Assembly
- Thomas Jefferson: Notes on the State of Virginia
- Chapter 6: Winning the War
- George Washington: Address to the Continental Congress
- George Washington: Letter to Martha Washington
- George Washington: General Orders
- Abigail Adams: “Remember the Ladies” Letter
- John Adams: Reply to the “Remember the Ladies” Letter
- George Washington: Letter to John Hancock
- Thomas Paine: The American Crisis, No. 1
- Molly Gutridge: “A New Touch on the Times”
- Esther DeBerdt Reed: Sentiments of an American Woman
- Representation of a Parade Condemning the Treason of Benedict Arnold
- Eliza Wilkinson: Letters from a Planter’s Daughter
- George Washington: Farewell Address
- Boyrereau Brinch: Pension Application
- Memoirs of Andrew Sherburne; a Pensioner of the Navy of the Revolution
- Jehu Grant: Pension Application
- Chapter 5: Losing the War
- Janet Schaw: Treatment of Loyalists in North Carolina
- Joseph Brant: Letter to Lord George Germain
- Nicholas Cresswell: Journal of a Loyalist in Virginia
- Anna Rawle: “A Loyalist’s Daughter”
- Murphy Stiel: “The Lost Dream”
- William Humphrey: The Savages Let Loose, or the Cruel Fate of the Loyalists
- Chickasaw Chiefs: Appeal to Congress
- Freedom Certificate
- “Memoirs on the Life of Boston King”
- A Narrative of the Life of Mrs. Mary Jemison