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Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was one of the most important late figures of that broad and diverse cultural movement of the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in Europe known as the Enlightenment. The term itself connotes a process of shedding light on what was previous dark and hidden, of discovering precious truth with the help of that bright torch human reason. Despite the fundamental philosophical, religious, and political differences between such thinkers as René Descartes and John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Voltaire, Jean-Baptiste le Rond D’Alembert and Adam Smith, all these major representatives of the Enlightenment shared certain background beliefs and values that allow us to classify them as part of the same intellectual culture.
Contents
- The Enlightenment
- Kant and the Redemption of Enlightenment
- Rousseau and Radicalization
- From Locke to Jefferson
- English Bill of Rights Year: 1689
- John Locke: Second Treatise on Civil Government Year: 1690
- John Locke: An Essay on Human Understanding Year: 1690
- Charles de Montesquieu: The Spirit of Laws Year: 1748
- Voltaire: Candide Year: 1759
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract Year: 1762
- Voltaire: Philosophical Dictionary Year: 1764
- Catherine II of Russia: The Grand Instructions to the Commissioners Year: 1767
- Denis Diderot: Supplement to the Voyage of Bougainville Year: 1772
- American Declaration of Independence Year: 1776
- Immanuel Kant: “What Is Enlightenment?” Year: 1784
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Year: 1789
- Jeremy Bentham: An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation Year: 1789
- Marquis de Condorcet: Outlines of an Historical View of the Progress of the Human Mind Year: 1795
- Thomas Malthus: An Essay on the Principle of Population Year: 1798
- David Ricardo: On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Year: 1817