The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 actually involved three distinct acts: the Act Concerning Aliens, the Act Respecting Alien Enemies, and the Act for the Punishment of Certain Crimes against the United States (or the Sedition Act). Alhough they were passed in the same year and reflected common concerns, the acts raised distinct legal and constitutional questions. The acts were all passed by a Federalist Congress and signed by the Federalist president John Adams at a time of international crisis and looming threats of war between the United States and the revolutionary French government. The legislation reflected Federalist fears of domestic subversion and revolution and the widespread Federalist view that their political opponents were disloyal. In fact, both the Act Concerning Aliens and the Sedition Act were partisan Federalist measures designed to promote Federalist political dominance over Thomas Jefferson’s Republican Party. The acts raised important and distinct issues of civil liberty in times of crisis.