At the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE, Athens was in ruins. The democratic system that had reached its fullest expression during the Pericleian period had fallen to a combination of warfare, civil strife, and disease. The victorious Spartans, seeing Athenian democracy as a threat to the Hellenic peace, eliminated most of the defeated polis’s political institutions and replaced them with a governing council known as the Thirty Tyrants.