When we think of the Gilded Age and the Progressive Era, what typically comes to mind are images of industry, capitalism, labor, as well as major reform movements all taking place at the turn of the century in cities like Chicago, St. Louis, and New York City. However, during this same time period, major changes took place outside of these cities, especially on Indigenous land west of the Mississippi all the way to the Pacific. The 1870s through the 1920s saw increased violence and oppression of Indigenous peoples in the West, most chillingly with the suppression of the Ghost Dance religious movement that resulted in the massacre at Wounded Knee in 1890. Native peoples also had to contend with the forced removal of children from their parents and tribal communities to Indian boarding schools in the name of assimilation. The Gilded Age and the Progressive Era is defined not only by the rise of industry and reform movements, but also by the taking of Indigenous land in the West, the suppression of Native cultures, and the forced assimilation of Indian peoples into American society.