In the year 1680, a series of small resistance movements against Spanish authority in New Mexico broke out into an open revolt, which became known as Popé's Rebellion. The revolt began when a Pueblo wise man called Popé (c. 1630–c. 1688) coordinated a series of attacks on Catholic missions throughout the region. Since the arrival of the explorer Juan de Oñate (1550–1626) more than seventy years earlier, Spanish control of New Mexico had been in the hands of the Catholic Church. The church's Franciscan missions ran the Pueblo communities as if they were medieval European fiefs, requiring local Puebloans to convert to Christianity, abandon their traditions, and submit to church discipline. The individual missions also required the Pueblos to perform labor services on demand, even if that meant abandoning their own livelihoods.