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Hayashi Razan’s “Principle and Material Force” ranks high among the foundational works of Japanese Neo-Confucianism, a philosophy that held sway throughout the Tokugawa shogunate, otherwise known as the Edo Period (1603–1868), especially in its early decades. In this treatise, Hayashi lays out the basic precepts of Neo-Confucian metaphysics as they were formulated by Zhu Xi (1130–1200), a Chinese philosopher during the Song Dynasty (1126–1271).