Table of Contents
José Ortega y Gasset:
The Revolt of the Masses
Overview
Context
About the Author
Explanation and Analysis of the Document
Audience
Impact
Document Text
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Abstract
José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955) was a Spanish philosopher and politician whose career was at its height during the interwar period in Europe. He was particularly focused on bringing Spain into the world of modern thought and politics, and he was a hero to republicans, liberals, and socialists alike in his country. On the other hand, though he was not opposed to democracy, he feared the implications of mass culture in Europe, believing that Europeans lacked the elite leadership to school the people in making intelligent cultural and political choices.
Book contents
- Reform Edict of Urukagina
- Code of Hammurabi
- Epic of Gilgamesh
- Rig Veda
- Hittite Laws
- Divine Birth and Coronation Inscriptions of Hatshepsut
- “Great Hymn to the Aten”
- Egyptian-Hittite Peace Treaty
- Middle Assyrian Laws
- Homer: Iliad
- Victory Stela of Piankhi
- Aristotle: Constitution of Sparta
- Confucius: Analects
- Mandate of Heaven
- Twelve Tables of Roman Law
- Funeral Oration of Pericles
- Plato: “Allegory of the Cave”
- Aristotle: Metaphysics
- Aristotle: Constitution of Carthage
- Aristotle: Athenian Constitution
- Dao De Jing
- Canon of Filial Piety
- Rock and Pillar Edicts of Asoka
- Huan Kuan: Discourses on Salt and Iron
- Cicero: On the Laws
- Law of Caesar on Municipalities
- Deeds of the Divine Augustus
- Heart Sutra
- Popol Vuh
- Laws Ending Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
- Augustine of Hippo: The City of God
- Theodosian Code
- Emerald Tablet
- Code of Justinian
- Japanese Seventeen-Article Constitution
- Qur’an (Koran)
- New Year’s Day Taika Reform Edict
- Charlemagne: Great Capitulary
- Han Yu: “Memorial on the Buddha’s Bones”
- II Aethelstan; or, the Grately Code
- Wang Kon: Ten Injunctions
- Justice of the Rus
- Muhammad al-Mawardi: “On Qadis”
- Kai Kaus on the Purchase of Slaves
- Domesday Book
- Nizam al-Mulk: Book of Government; or, Rules for Kings
- Pope Urban II: Call to Crusade
- Abu Hamid al-Ghazali: Deliverance from Error (Confessions)
- Constitutions of Clarendon
- Usama ibn Munqidh: “A Muslim View of the Crusaders”
- Great Yasa of Genghis Khan
- Magna Carta
- Pope Boniface VIII: Clericis Laicos and Unam Sanctam
- Marco Polo: Description of Hangzhou
- Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa (The Rihla)
- Abu Zaid ibn Khaldun: “Social Solidarity”
- Efforts to Introduce and Encourage the Use of Paper Currency and Metal Coins
- Christopher Columbus: Letter to Raphael Sanxis on the Discovery of America
- Niccolò Machiavelli: The Prince
- Requerimiento
- Martin Luther: Ninety-five Theses
- Nicolaus Copernicus: On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres
- Dutch Declaration of Independence
- Japanese Laws Governing Military Households
- Hayashi Razan: “Principle and Material Force”
- Japan’s Closed Country Edict
- Treaty of Westphalia
- Great Muscovite Law Code
- Habeas Corpus Act of the Restoration
- English Bill of Rights
- John Locke: Second Treatise on Civil Government
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract
- Catherine II: The Grand Instructions to the Commissioners
- British Regulating Act
- Leeds Woolen Workers Petition
- Alexander Falconbridge: An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
- Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
- Qianlong: Letter to George III
- Constitution of Haiti
- Diplomatic Correspondence between Muhammad al-Kanami and Muhammad Bello
- Simón Bolívar: Cartagena Manifesto
- Kaiho Seiryō: “The Law of the Universe: Commodities Transactions”
- Carlsbad Decrees
- Treaty of Córdoba
- Act for the Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Colonies
- Louis Blanc: The Organization of Labor
- Lin Zexu: “Moral Advice to Queen Victoria”
- Treaty of Nanjing
- Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels: Communist Manifesto
- Queen Victoria: Proclamation concerning India
- John Stuart Mill: On Liberty
- Feng Guifen: “On the Adoption of Western Learning”
- Constitution Act of Canada
- Constitution of the Fante Confederacy
- Zongli Yamen: “Circular Letter on the Unequal Treaties”
- Treaty of Limits between Mexico and Guatemala
- Fukuzawa Yukichi: “Good-bye Asia”
- Pandita Ramabai: The High-Caste Hindu Woman
- Meiji Constitution of Japan
- Theodor Herzl: “A Solution to the Jewish Question”
- Bernhard von Bülow: Germany’s “Place in the Sun”
- Emperor Guangxu: Reform of the Examination System
- D’Arcy Concession
- Vladimir Lenin: What Is to Be Done?
- Proclamation of the Young Turks
- Emiliano Zapata: Plan of Ayala
- Articles Providing for the Favorable Treatment of the Great Ching Emperor after His Abdication
- Proclamation of the Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
- Balfour Declaration
- Sun Yat-sen: “Three Stages of Revolution”
- Korean Declaration of Independence
- Covenant of the League of Nations
- Treaty of Versailles
- Resolution of the General Syrian Congress
- Government of India Act
- Resolutions of the National Congress of British West Africa
- Sun Yat-sen: “The Three Principles of the People”
- Treaty of Lausanne
- Mao Zedong: “Report on an Investigation of the Peasant Movement in Hunan”
- José Ortega y Gasset: The Revolt of the Masses
- A. B. Xuma: “Bridging the Gap between White and Black in South Africa”
- Benito Mussolini: “The Doctrine of Fascism”
- Nuremberg Laws
- Meher Baba: Discourses
- British White Paper on Palestine
- Lahore Resolution
- Japan’s Fourteen-part Message
- Mahatma Gandhi: “Quit India” Speech
- Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam
- Winston Churchill: “Iron Curtain” Speech
- Constitution of Japan
- Jawaharlal Nehru: Speeches on the Granting of Indian Independence
- Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War
- Constitution of India
- Juan Perón: “Twenty Fundamental Truths of Justicialism”
- Fidel Castro: History Will Absolve Me
- Proclamation of the Algerian National Liberation Front
- Freedom Charter of South Africa
- Gamal Abdel Nasser on the Nationalization of the Suez Canal
- Patrice Lumumba: Speech at the Proclamation of Congolese Independence
- “Mao Tse-tung’s Thought Is the Telescope and Microscope of Our Revolutionary Cause”
- Arusha Declaration
- UN Security Council Resolution 242 on the Arab-Israeli Conflict
- Palestinian National Charter
- Ayatollah Khomeini: Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist
- Biological Weapons Convention
- Helsinki Final Act
- Alexander Solzhenitsyn: “A World Split Apart”
- Wei Jingsheng: “The Fifth Modernization: Democracy”
- Constitution of the People’s Republic of China
- Nelson Mandela: “We Have Waited Too Long for Our Freedom”
- Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonaggression, and Cooperation between South and North Korea
- Treaty on European Union
- Nelson Mandela: Inaugural Address
- Osama bin Laden: Declaration of Jihad against Americans
- Northern Ireland Peace Agreement
- Constitutive Act of the African Union
- Marriage Opening Act
- Alexander Jung: “Ponzi Planet: The Danger Debt Poses to the Western World”
- Hassan Rouhani: Letter to the UN General Assembly
- Paris Climate Accord
- WHO Statement on Novel Coronavirus
- Abraham Accords
- Vladimir Putin: Victory Day Speech