Rise of Complex Civilizations in Mesoamerica and the Andes and the Native Peoples of North America
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Abstract

When Europeans broached the islands and shores of the Americas in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, they met a vast array of civilizations as diverse and complex as themselves. Civilizations in Mesoamerica (the region roughly comprising present-day central Mexico south to Nicaragua and Honduras) and the Andes encompassed highly populated metropolitan areas, imperial armies, and supply and tribute lines that extended thousands of miles. Elsewhere in the Americas, native peoples lived in agriculture communities organized into large tribes and political confederacies that facilitated defense, trade, and communication.

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