The War of 1812 achieved few, if any, of the aims set by President Madison in his War Message to Congress in the summer of 1812. The conflict divided the country almost as much as the Civil War would half a century later. The United States lost most of the land battles it expected to win, yet it won most of the sea actions it fought against the British Navy, the most powerful naval force in the world at the time. The war’s final battle, at New Orleans in January of 1815, was fought several weeks after the Treaty of Ghent, which ended the war, had been signed. Historians have sometimes called the War of 1812 a second American Revolution because it was fought against the same enemy. The United States emerged with its economy relatively intact and with a stronger sense of itself as a singular nation rather than a collection of fractious individual states.