The French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars marked a watershed in European history. While the legitimacy of divine right monarchies all but died at the Bastille, the question of determining political sovereignty was far from resolved. The participants in the 1815 Congress of Vienna attempted to return the governments and borders of Europe to their pre-Napoleonic status, but the subsequent decades would prove that the forces of liberalism, nationalism, and popular sovereignty let loose by the French Revolution were irreversible. European social theorists, political philosophers, and theologians continued to grapple with questions regarding the sovereignty of the state, rejection of authority (both divine and political), economic determinism, scientific rationality, the balance between tradition and liberty, and social welfare.