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Many events conspired to lead Europe down the road to war in 1914. We can group some of the major background causes of the Great War into four categories: the Eastern Question, imperialism and nationalism, the arms race, and the alliance system. First, the declining Ottoman Empire, known among European diplomats as the “Sick Man of Europe,” created a serious problem for governments interested in maintaining the balance of power. Politicians called this persistent problem the “Eastern Question.” As the Ottomans lost control of their eastern European lands, the Russian and Austro-Hungarian Empires sought to fill the power vacuum.
Contents
- Unit 1:: The Emergence of the Modern West
- The Protestant Reformation and Its Aftereffects
- The Rebirth of Humanism in the West
- Crises of the Medieval World
- The Emergence of the Modern West - Review
- Unit 2:: The Growth of Western Civilization
- Commodity Trading and the Birth of an Atlantic Economy
- Spain, Portugal, and the Invention of Western Power
- The Emergence of the National Monarchy
- The Growth of Western Civilization - Review
- Unit 3:: From Scientific Revolution to Enlightenment
- The Newtonian Cosmos
- The Destabilization of the Spiritual Worldview
- The Copernican Revolution
- From Scientific Revolution to Enlightenment - Review
- Unit 4:: The Enlightenment
- Kant and the Redemption of Enlightenment
- From Locke to Jefferson
- The Enlightenment - Review
- Unit 5:: An Age of Revolution
- A New Historical Order
- Novus dux Napoleon
- The French Revolution
- An Age of Revolution - Review
- Unit 6:: The Triumph of Bourgeois Consciousness
- Romanticism
- Tradition versus Progress
- The Nation
- The Triumph of Bourgeois Consciousness - Review
- Unit 7:: Industrialization and Its Aftereffects
- From Textiles to Steam Engines
- Intellectual Responses to Industrial Modernity
- Marx and the Communist Manifesto
- Industrialization and Its After-effects - Review
- Unit 8:: The Apex of Modern Civilization
- New States and Old Problems
- Challenges from Without
- Challenges from Within
- The Apex of Modern Civilization - Review
- Unit 9:: New Imperialism
- Prelude to War
- Case Studies in New Imperialism
- Origins and Modes
- New Imperialism - Review
- Unit 10:: World War I
- The Suicide of the West
- Strategies and Operations
- Causes and Contingencies
- World War I - Review
- Unit 11:: Totalitarianism
- Communism in the Soviet Union
- Fascism in Western Europe
- Totalitarianism as Anti-modernity
- Totalitarianism - Review
- Unit 12:: World War II
- The Restoration of Modern Consciousness
- Expansions and Turning Points
- The Inescapable Path to War
- World War II - Review
- Unit 13:: The Cold War
- The Concept of a “Third” World
- The Western Response
- An Ideological Showdown
- The Cold War - Review
- Unit 14:: The West and the “Global” World
- Crises of Climate, Credit, and Historical Consciousness
- Terrorism and Popular Culture
- Imperialism Redefined
- The West and the “Global” World - Review
- Unit 15:: Postmodernism and the End of History
- The Meaning of the “End of the World”
- Lack of Credulity
- Post-historical Humanity
- Postmodernism and the End of History - Review