During the Red Summer of 1919, white mobs massacred Blacks across the United States in a series of violent racial riots. The Red Summer began in late winter of 1919 and extended through the spring and summer and into the early autumn of that year; it ultimately resulted in between 38 and 50 deaths. One thousand Black families were left homeless as a result of the riots. Historians largely agree that the violence of the Red Summer was intended to suppress and intimidate prosperous Black communities, especially newly transplanted Black communities in northern cities. The anti-Black riots were a response to a variety of transitions in post–World War I society, including the Great Migration; the demobilization of Black and white members of the U.S. armed forces; and the anticommunist Red Scare. In addition, increasing competition in the job and housing markets between white and Black Americans stoked racial resentments and contributed to a politics of white resentment and backlash.