By 2000, African Americans had made considerable progress in civil rights and political empowerment. However, there remained substantial economic, political, and social barriers to full equality. At the start of the new millennium, African American men earned on average only 73 percent of the salaries of white males. African American women made just 60.8 percent of what white men were paid. Following the 2000 election, 39 of the 438 elected members of the House of Representatives were African American, but there were no African American senators or governors. Furthermore, African Americans had lower rates of home ownership than the national average and higher rates of incarceration.