Although the decision to recognize abortion as a constitutional right in Roe v. Wade in 1973 marked a turning point in the struggle for women to control their own bodies, it was really only the tip of the iceberg. Roe v. Wade only applied to women in the United States, and it still allowed restrictions to be placed on their rights to terminate pregnancies. In much of the world, including many Western societies, abortion was still illegal. Portugal, Spain, Italy, and Ireland all maintained laws that criminalized abortion throughout the 1970s. Even in countries that allowed abortions at that time, laws still placed restrictions—such as time limits, refusal of service to minors, and refusal of service because of a healthcare provider’s personal objection to abortion—on the exercise of that right.