Table of Contents
Chapter 11 Gender, Sexuality, and Marriagein the United States
Early Feminists Challenge theTraditional Concept of Marriage
Christine Jorgensen and TransgenderRights
A Wave of Victories for the LGBTQ+Movement
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Abstract
Marriage in the United States was traditionally viewed as a union, based on love, between a man and a woman. This union was sanctioned by either the church or by civil authorities. Societal standards of the 1700s and 1800s reinforced the notion of marriage as a partnership in which each gender had fairly defined roles. Both the law and customs were based on patriarchy, the idea that the male, or father, was head of the household and leader of the family.
Contents
- Chapter 1:: Women and Gender in the Ancient World
- Enheduanna: Hymns to Inana
- Code of Assura
- Sappho: Poems and Fragments
- Herodotus: The History of the Persian Wars
- Ban Zhao: Lessons for a Woman
- Plutarch: Moralia: “On the Bravery of Women”
- Soranus: Gynaecology
- Juvenal: The Satires
- Vibia Perpetua: The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity
- St. Jerome: Letter CVII to Laeta
- Chapter 2:: Women in the Early Modern Era
- Julian of Norwich: Revelations of Divine Love
- Geoffrey Chaucer: “The Wife of Bath”
- Christine de Pisan: The Treasure of the City of Ladies
- Joan of Arc: Letter to King Henry VI of England
- Margery Kempe: The Book of Margery Kempe
- Henrich Kramer: Malleus Maleficarum
- Veronica Franco: A Warning to a Mother Considering Turning Her Daughter into a Courtesan
- Queen Elizabeth I: Speech to the Troops at Tilbury
- Ursula de Jesus: “Visions of the World to Come”
- Juana Inés de la Cruz: “The Poet’s Answer to Sor Filotea de la Cruz”
- Mary Astell: A Serious Proposal to the Ladies for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest
- Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: Smallpox Vaccination in Turkey
- Lady Hong: “Diary of Lady Hong, Queen of Korea”
- William Blackstone: Commentaries on the Laws of England: “Of Husband and Wife”
- Chapter 3:: Women in Colonial and Revolutionary America
- Massachusetts Bay Colony Trial against Anne Hutchinson
- Margaret Brent’s Request for Voting Rights
- Virginia’s Act XII: Negro Women’s Children to Serve according to the Condition of the Mother
- Anne Bradstreet: “Before the Birth of One of Her Children”
- Deodat Lawson: “A Further Account of the Tryals of the New England Witches, Sent in a Letter from Thence, to a Gentleman in London”
- Letter from Elizabeth Sprigs to Her Father
- Phillis Wheatley: “His Excellency General Washington”
- Abigail Adams: “Remember the Ladies” Letter to John Adams
- Cherokee Women: Letter to Governor Benjamin Franklin
- Benjamin Rush: “Thoughts upon Female Education”
- Chapter 4:: Women’s Rights in the Late Modern Era
- Catherine Sawbridge Macaulay Graham: Letters on Education
- Olympe de Gouges: Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen
- Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
- Mary Hays: Appeal to the Men of Great Britain in Behalf of Women
- Priscilla Bell Wakefield: Reflections on the Present Condition of the Female Sex; with Suggestions for Its Improvement
- Savitribai Phule: “Go, Get Education”
- Caroline Norton: Letter to the Queen on Lord Chancellor Cranworth’s Marriage and Divorce Bill
- Maria Eugenia Echenique: “The Emancipation of Women”
- Emmeline Pankhurst: “Freedom or Death”
- Virginia Woolf: A Room of One’s Own
- Chapter 5:: American Women’s Lives in the Nineteenth Century
- Catherine E. Beecher: Treatise on Domestic Economy
- Margaret Fuller: Woman in the Nineteenth Century
- Frances Anne Kemble: Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation in 1838–1839
- Amelia Jenks Bloomer: “Alas! Poor Adam” Speech
- Victoria Woodhull: Lecture on Constitutional Equality
- Page Act of 1875
- Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins: Life among the Piutes
- Susan B. Anthony: “The Status of Woman, Past, Present, and Future”
- Elinore Pruitt Stewart: Letters of a Woman Homesteader
- Chapter 6:: Votes for Women: Suffrage in the United States
- Sarah M. Grimké: Reply to the Pastoral Letter the General Association of Congregational Ministers of Massachusetts
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments
- Lucretia Mott: “Discourse on Women”
- Sojourner Truth: “Ain’t I a Woman?”
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton: Address to the New York Legislature
- Minor v. Happersett
- Francis Parkman: Some of the Reasons against Woman Suffrage
- Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin: “Address to the First National Conference of Colored Women”
- Mary Church Terrell: “The Progress of Colored Women”
- Anna Howard Shaw: Address on the Place of Women in Society
- Ida Husted Harper: Statement before the U.S. Senate Select Committee on Woman Suffrage
- Charlotte Perkins Gilman: “The Humanness of Women”
- Jane Addams: “Why Women Should Vote”
- Alice Paul: Testimony before the House Judiciary Committee
- Mabel Ping-Hua Lee: “The Submerged Half ”
- Carrie Chapman Catt: “Equal Suffrage”
- Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
- William Pickens: “The Woman Voter Hits the Color Line”
- Alice Moore Dunbar-Nelson: “The Negro Woman and the Ballot”
- Eleanor Roosevelt: “Women Must Learn to Play the Game as Men Do”
- Chapter 7:: Women’s Reform and Justice Movements in the United States
- Frances Wright: “Of Free Enquiry”
- Lydia Maria Child: An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans
- Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
- Nellie Bly: Ten Days in a Mad-House
- Jane Addams: “The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements”
- Ida B. Wells: Southern Horrors
- Frances Willard: Address before the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union
- Clara Barton: The Red Cross in Peace and War
- Ida B. Wells: “Lynching: Our National Crime”
- Rachel Carson: Silent Spring
- Chatper 8:: Women’s Work and Labor Movements
- Mary S. Paul: Letters from Lowell Mills
- Isabella Beeton: Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management
- Bradwell v. the State of Illinois
- Lucy Parsons: “The Negro: Let Him Leave Politics to the Politician and Prayers to the Preacher”
- Clara Zetkin: “Women’s Work and the Trade Unions”
- Jack London: The People of the Abyss
- Florence Kelley: “Child Labor and Women’s Suffrage”
- Kelly Miller: “The Economic Handicap of the Negro in the North”
- Muller v. Oregon
- Clara Lemlich: “Life in the Shop”
- Rose Schneiderman: Speech on the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
- Leonora O’Reilly: Statement to the U.S. House Judiciary Committee
- Elizabeth Gurley Flynn: “The Truth about the Paterson Strike”
- Helena Swanwick: The War in Its Effect upon Women
- National Women’s Trade Union League: Women’s Work and War
- Equal Pay Act
- Executive Order 11246: Equal Employment Opportunity
- Dolores Huerta: Statement to the Senate Subcommittee on Migratory Labor
- Pauline Newman: A Worker Recalls Her Time at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
- Chapter 9:: Feminism and Equal Rights in the United States
- Edith M. Stern: “Women Are Household Slaves”
- Hoyt v. Florida
- Betty Friedan: The Feminine Mystique
- President’s Commission on the Status of Women: “American Women”
- Fannie Lou Hamer: Testimony at the Democratic National Convention
- Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Pauli Murray and Mary O. Eastwood: “Jane Crow and the Law: Sex Discrimination and Title VII”
- Casey Hayden and Mary King: “Sex and Caste”
- National Organization for Women Statement of Purpose
- Loving v. Virginia
- Robin Morgan: “No More Miss America!”
- Segregated Employment Ads
- Ella Baker: “The Black Woman in the Civil Rights Struggle”
- Gloria Steinem: “Living the Revolution”
- Shirley Chisholm: “For the Equal Rights Amendment”
- Phyllis Schlafly: “What’s Wrong with ‘Equal Rights’ for Women?”
- Equal Rights Amendment
- Title IX Education Act of 1972
- Frontiero v. Richardson
- Shirley Chisholm: “The Black Woman in Contemporary America”
- Taylor v. Louisiana
- Audre Lorde: “Poetry Is Not a Luxury”
- Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
- Jo Ann Gibson Robinson: The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It
- Bella Abzug: “Women and the Fate of the Earth”
- Sandra Day O’Connor: “Portia’s Progress”
- Violence Against Women Act
- United States v. Virginia
- Patsy Mink: Speech on the 25th Anniversary of Title IX
- Billie Jean King: Commencement Address for University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Chapter 10:: Reproductive Rights in the United States
- Comstock Act
- Margaret Sanger: “Birth Control and Racial Betterment”
- Buck v. Bell
- Griswold v. Connecticut
- Roe v. Wade
- Relf v. Weinberger
- International Campaign for Abortion Rights: International Day of Action
- Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
- Margaret Cerullo: “Hidden History: An Illegal Abortion in 1968”
- Planned Parenthood v. Casey
- Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Concurrence in Stenberg, Attorney General of Nebraska, et al. v. Carhart
- Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization
- Chapter 11:: Gender, Sexuality, and Marriage in the United States
- Emma Goldman: “Marriage and Love”
- Mann Act
- Mackenzie v. Hare
- Christine Jorgensen: “The Story of My Life”
- Denise Harmon: “Stonewall Means Fight Back!”
- Sylvia Rivera: “Y’All Better Quiet Down”
- Adrienne Rich: “Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Experience”
- June Jordan: “A New Politics of Sexuality”
- Lawrence v. Texas
- Obergefell v. Hodges
- Chapter 12:: Modern, Postmodern, and Postcolonial Feminisms
- Simone de Beauvoir: The Second Sex
- Luce Irigaray: “Women on the Market”
- Hazel V. Carby: “White Woman Listen! Black Feminism and the Boundaries of Sisterhood”
- Chandra Talpade Mohanty: “Under Western Eyes”
- Xiao Lu: “China: Feudal Attitudes, Party Control, and Half the Sky”
- Ama Ata Aidoo: “Ghana: To Be a Woman”
- Audre Lorde: “The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House”
- Gloria Anzaldúa: Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
- María Lugones: “Toward a Decolonial Feminism”
- Chapter 13:: Intersectionality in the United States
- Zitkala-Ša: “The Cutting of My Long Hair”
- Jessie Redmon Fauset: “Some Notes on Color”
- Marita O. Bonner: “On Being Young—A Woman—And Colored”
- Zora Neale Hurston: “How It Feels to Be Colored Me”
- Mary McLeod Bethune: “What Does American Democracy Mean to Me?”
- Combahee River Collective Statement
- bell hooks: Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center
- Anita Hill: Opening Statement at the Senate Confirmation Hearing of Clarence Thomas
- “African American Women in Defense of Ourselves”
- Alicia Garza: “A Herstory of the #BlackLivesMatter Movement”
- Say Her Name: Resisting Police Brutality against Black Women
- Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw: “Say Her Name” Speech
- Judith Heumann: “Our Fight for Disability Rights—And Why We’re Not Done Yet”
- Oprah Winfrey: Cecil B. DeMille Award Acceptance Speech
- Tarana Burke: “Full Power of Women”
- Chapter 14:: Women’s Rights Are Human Rights
- Indira Gandhi: “What Educated Women Can Do”
- “A Mother’s Life in Rural Pernambuco, Brazil”
- Rigoberta Menchú Tum: Nobel Peace Prize Lecture
- Hillary Rodham Clinton: “Women’s Rights Are Human Rights”
- Benazir Bhutto: Address at the Fourth World Conference on Women
- Charlotte Bunch: “Through Women’s Eyes: Global Forces Facing Women in the 21st Century”
- Queen Noor of Jordan: Remarks at the National Organization for Arab-American Women Banquet
- Wangari Maathai: Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Speech
- Betty Williams: “Peace in the World Is Everybody’s Business”
- “Elena’s Story”
- “Fabienne’s Story”
- Chapter 15:: Justice Movements in the Twenty-first Century
- Shirin Ebadi: “Iran Awakening: Human Rights, Women, and Islam”
- Luisa D. Diogo: “Women for a Better World”
- Ellen Johnson Sirleaf: “A Voice for Freedom”
- Michelle Bachelet: “Time to Make the Promise of Equality a Reality”
- Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: “We Should All Be Feminists”
- Michelle Obama: Remarks at the 2012 International Women of Courage Awards
- Malala Yousafzai: Nobel Peace Prize Acceptance Speech
- Emma Watson: “HeForShe” Speech to the United Nations
- Atifete Jahjaga: Support of Women’s Property Rights in Kosovo
- Joyce Banda: Wheelock College Commencement Address
- Carmen Perez: Address at the Women’s March on Washington
- X González: “We Call BS”
- Autumn Peltier: Address at the UN World Water Day
- Greta Thunberg: “Our House Is on Fire”
- Josina Machel: “Male Violence against Women: The Next Frontier in Humanity”
- Kamala Harris: “The Status of Women Is the Status of Democracy”
- Sustainable Development Goal 5: Achieve Gender Equality and Empower All Women and Girls