In an article published in the May 1906 issue of The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Kelly Miller takes stock of the reasons why, despite a marked increase in racially motivated violence in the South, surprisingly few African Americans were relocating to the North. A professor of sociology at Howard University for close to four decades, Miller sought to reconcile the opposing positions of the two most prominent African American leaders of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois. Miller advocated for a system of education that would offer both the vocational training that Washington promoted and the more traditional liberal arts curriculum championed tirelessly by Du Bois.