The debates surrounding the legality of abortion under Roe v. Wade (1973) and challenges to the federal law began almost immediately after the Supreme Court’s ruling. Some states, such as Pennsylvania, passed laws requiring that women give informed consent before electing to have an abortion or even undergo a waiting period before seeking an abortion, during which time they were presented with certain information concerning abortion. Minors were required to obtain consent from a parent except in extreme cases, such as medical emergencies. In Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), the Supreme Court affirmed the ruling of Roe v. Wade, which prohibited states from banning most abortions. The Court did, however, also affirm most of Pennsylvania’s restrictions, requiring only that such restrictions not place a “substantial obstacle in the path of a woman seeking an abortion before the fetus attains viability.”