This petition demonstrates the interaction of Mesoamerican settlements under Iberian authorities during the seventeenth century. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire in 1521, the Spaniards allowed the former Indigenous political organization to remain in place as long it was subordinated to the Spanish Crown. This allowed the survival of the altepetl, which was akin to the town council (cabildo) of the Spanish settlements. The altepetl even adopted Spanish ranks such as mayor (alcalde) and magistrate (corregidor). At the peak of this hierarchy were Indigenous rulers (caciques) who were granted important privileges such as lands, the right to ride horses, and the use of swords and firearms. They also organized labor and collected tribute. The altepetl quickly became an important piece of colonial law. This document shows how Native Mesoamerican populations would ask for petitions, obtain favors, and employ a legal defense against the abuse of Spanish, Mestizo, and other Indigenous groups. This system survived during the colonial period in New Spain.