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In 1951, Pete Hernandez, a Mexican American, was charged with murder by an all-white grand jury in Jackson County, Texas, and then convicted by another all-white jury. He appealed his conviction by arguing that he had not been tried by a jury of his peers since Mexican Americans were excluded from service on juries in Jackson County and at least 69 other counties in Texas. The U.S. Supreme Court reviewed Hernandez’s appeal in January 1954.